Identifying Specific Learning Difficulties: Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, and More

Some children work hard but still struggle with reading, writing, or maths. These aren't problems with intelligence or effort—they often indicate a specific learning difficulty. Educational psychologists play a key role in identifying these and recommending support.

Dyslexia is the most well-known specific learning difficulty. It affects how the brain processes written language. A dyslexic child might struggle with reading fluency, spelling, or phonological awareness (understanding sounds in words), despite having normal or above-average intelligence in other areas. Early identification and structured literacy teaching can make a huge difference.

Dyscalculia affects maths learning in similar ways. A child with dyscalculia might struggle with number sense, memorising facts, or understanding maths concepts, while managing other subjects well. Again, specific teaching approaches and accommodations help.

Other specific learning difficulties include:

• Dysgraphia: Difficulty with written expression and handwriting
• Dyspraxia: Coordination and motor planning difficulties
• Language disorder: Difficulty understanding or using spoken language
• Auditory processing disorder: Difficulty processing sounds, even with normal hearing

How do you know if your child has a specific learning difficulty? Warning signs include:

• Struggling with reading despite good teaching and effort
• Difficulty learning phonics or sight words
• Poor spelling, especially phonetically unusual words
• Slow reading speed or avoiding reading
• Difficulty with maths facts or concepts
• Confusion with left and right, or letter reversals beyond age 7

If you notice these signs, mention them to school. Teachers are usually the first to identify potential learning difficulties, but parents often spot things too. Early intervention is important—the longer a child struggles without understanding why, the more their confidence erodes.

An educational psychologist can assess for specific learning difficulties through cognitive testing and educational assessment. They'll look at how the child processes information, their phonological awareness, visual processing, memory, and other factors. This detailed profile helps identify whether a specific learning difficulty is present and what type of support will help.

It's crucial to understand that identifying a specific learning difficulty isn't about labelling or limiting a child. It's about understanding why they struggle and accessing effective help. Many successful people have dyslexia, dyscalculia, or other learning difficulties—with the right support, they thrive.

Support for specific learning difficulties typically involves:

• Structured, evidence-based teaching programmes
• Accommodations like extra time in exams or use of technology
• Teaching compensatory strategies
• Building confidence and resilience

If you suspect your child has a specific learning difficulty, don't wait. Early identification and intervention lead to better outcomes. Ask your school about assessment or request an educational psychology evaluation.